The History of Bradford Free Essays

string(82) " very good depiction of how important family was to the average Victorian family\." Bradford began as a minute village but at the turn of the 19thcentury the population increased at a rapid rate, this lead to death rates to augment which meant that a cemetery was urgently needed. Time took its toll and life in Bradford became worse and by 1854 the Undercliffe Cemetery was created. This cemetery contains such facets that are very idiosyncratic and display Victorian life in a unique way. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Bradford or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main focus of this paper will be on the different features of the site and how they support and contradict the Victorian values and attitudes, along with my research I will also be extracting evidence from the burial ground and analysing both primary and secondary sources in order to find out how the site has interpreted and shown the Victorian attributes Value 1: Social Status For those in the upper classes of society etiquette was an essential way of living, Victorian society was prominently concerned about every aspect of their life. From the moment the upper-class left their beds their day was ruled over by many do’s and don’ts. Victorian society although may have been strict on an array of rules, it could also be quite pleasant but only depending on your financial status. The cemetery itself supports the idea of the high class holding onto their social position for example in site 4 the Illingworth mausoleum portrays many characteristics such as the tomb itself being built inside with lavish marble in order to keep the bodies cool and the sphinx guarding the tomb gives the impression that they were in some cases showing off that they had travelled to a foreign country. This mausoleum in particular is a great feature of the cemetery that represents how important social status was to the Victorians this is because the tomb itself contains such descriptive detail that evidently shows the Illingworth’s were beginning to show their status in society. Their grave appears to show their importance and wealth due to its intricate design and detail such as the sphinx. This evidence of the illingworth’s mausoleum is a pure example of how the cemetery contains a feature which supports the Victorian values and attitudes regarding the social status of the upper class Victorians. While gathering my evidence of the Victorian value’s I came across a source in form of an image that in some aspects supports as well as contradicts the way the cemetery has portrayed social status and social class. A painting by J. Ritchie which was produced in 1858 that goes by the name of ‘A summer’s day in Hyde Park’ contains various activities that can be seen and amidst them various people that portray different classes in 19th century society. Although this source was written four years after the cemetery was created it provides illustrative substantiation that the affluent citizens wanted to stand out therefore they are painted with a white colour bringing out their importance whereas the workers and servants are daubed with a dull colour which shows how they were kept in the dark and were not to be seen. Along with the rich being highlighted the image brings out some metaphorical evidence which can be seen within Undercliffe Cemetery, in the painting the upper class are placed in the centre of the image this idea supports the cemetery because the rich are in fact the most dominant and are placed within the centre of the burial ground to show their importance. Social status was a very important value that the Victorians held onto it was their way of expressing who they were, the cemetery’s features can in fact support the idea of social status being one of the main features that are thoroughly explained, this source in particular has added to my understanding that this burial ground is in fact categorised and certain sites within the cemetery were only for certain classes. My own research on the source and on social status gives the impression that the cemetery supports the indication of Victorian society being very cautious on their title and position. Value 2: Family Values Although position in society was of importance to Victorians they also had another value which can be seen throughout the cemetery this was their family. There were many rules regarding the family which would consist of the father being the head of the house and he was always to be obeyed. In public, children were expected to be seen and not heard. At Undercliffe Cemetery I observed a tomb located in site 3 which belonged to The Behrens family, they had decided to include everybody’s name that was in their family implying that they were all buried together. This grave brings out a feature of the cemetery that supports that family values were an important element in the Victorian life. It also provides evidence that this value was seen as some importance due to the way it was shown in the cemetery. The family during the 19th century was very similar between the Upper and middle class but also differed in many ways. Each member of the family had its own place and children were taught ‘to know their place’ Most days the middle and upper class children saw very little of their parents. The children would spend most of their time in the nursery and would be brought up by their nanny. This information helps me understand insight into a child’s life from an opulent background it shows how the family values in Victorian times were very stringent and the cemetery doesn’t give any evidence of the luxurious wealthy having this sort of background it only shows the extravagance of the graves and this enquiry on the actual rules on family etiquette was something no outsider was expected to know about. Although family values did appear to be harsh a very well-known British painter named William Powell Frith did a very good depiction of how important family was to the average Victorian family. You read "The History of Bradford" in category "Papers" His painting which was produced in 1856 and is named ‘many happy returns of the day’ suggests that Frith’s personal life was happy and yet secretive. It shows that although the household was important to the man of the house this didn’t deter him away from the Victorian hypocrisy. This interpretation of Victorian hypocrisy can be seen in the corner of the painting near the man himself he is seen sat next to another mistress with children from him, this suggests that family values obviously couldn’t have been as important to the husband as he may have made them out to be and scandals such as these were something that should have been avoided at all costs. This exact source regarding values of family in various ways contradicts what the cemetery is trying to display. The source has given me a different sort of understanding that the cemetery doesn’t provide although the burial ground shows one grave with family values it’s the source that shows the true life of Victorians whereas Undercliffe cemetery has a feature that although stands out it doesn’t 100% give accurate evidence of the importance of family values to Victorians. Value 3: Paternalism Many husbands in the Victorian epoch were considered to be paternalists they believed that they were the men of the house and women were seen as inferior ones. This notion of men being the dominant can clearly be seen at the cemetery and it therefore makes it a very distinctive feature. While studying the memorial park I came across two graves in particular one which supported the Victorian value in respects to paternalism but another which totally controverted paternalism. These two people were in fact located on the main avenue in site 3. Firstly Robert Milligan who was a merchant and had been the MP of Bradford had a grave which was mostly dedicated to him and a small memoir regarding his wife, not only did this reveal vanity it also showed how he believed he was the man in charge and how mediocre his wife was compared to him. On the other hand a middle class man who owns the tallest pedestal within the cemetery had decided to put his wife first his name is in fact William Sharp. He was not a paternalist but in fact quite the opposite. Paternalism was a value within the Victorian times that every man governed over, the cemetery corroborates that paternalism was in fact a facet that helps one understand where men were within society. In a more general format the cemetery’s main feature shows that paternalism was the most dominant element of the Victorian life due to the various graves that begin with the husbands or fathers name first. Another source which was observed at the cemetery itself was William sharps grave it gainsays the cemetery as being paternalist as he decided to put his wifes name first. This displays a man who had gone against some ways of how a Victorian had lived, firstly he wasn’t an upper class gentlemen yet he is the one who worked his way to the top. This grave helps me apprehend that not everybody followed all the rules in the Victorian times some people wanted to work in order to be in a higher position in life and didn’t want to feel like they were supposed to be a certain way In order to fit in. Even though being the man in charge, William sharp felt that his wife had the same equal rights as him and that even if he was dominant she was his wife and he loved her. In order to show his affection he may have decided to place her name before his. Paternalism does stand out well in the cemetery and William Sharps grave does indeed provide evidence that some Victorians in terms of paternalism shouldn’t be generalised as not all men believed to be the most dominant in the house. Value 4: Role of Women While studying the site at Undercliffe Cemetery another Victorian value which I believe is a feature of the cemetery that stands out is the role of women, the site shows me that women were considered to be nothing but an ornament for one to admire, the many graves that were at the cemetery began with the husbands name this interpreted that women were seen as sub-standard compared to the males. I researched further into what life was like for genuine Victorian woman and the rights were very appalling. To begin with women weren’t given any suffrage rights, they weren’t given any rights to own property and education for them wasn’t considered important as long as they could get a husband. This Victorian value helps me understand that life for Victorian women was quite limited they were only allowed to do certain things and were considered to be feminine and courteous. An extract from Mrs Beetons book which talks about household management and reinforces the role of women and how they should set a timetable for every aspect of their daily life. She begins by saying ‘As the commander of an army, or the leader of any enterprise, so it is with the mistress of a house’ This woman is trying to explain that although women aren’t superior they still have the command over the house and its their duty to make sure everything is in order. This source helps me understand that during the Victorian times the woman was supposed to keep herself busy and at the same time avoid doing chores or getting involved in business, finance or even politics they were allowed to have social gatherings and plan parties but they weren’t allowed to venture into the world of work. The cemetery shows that women were inferior but it doesn’t give any more information of what women went through during the Victorian times therefore it in some ways supports the cemetery. This value in the Victorian era helps me understand through both the sources and my own research that women did not receive any equality and to some extent the cemetery supports this evidence. In conclusion to all of the above Victorian values in which I have studied I can say that there are many features of Undercliffe Cemetery that support the attributes and many sources that were from that period of time that support and also contradict evidence seen at the cemetery. In my opinion I believe that although the burial ground’s features display Victorian attitudes and values to some extent they are quite inaccurate as they don’t give the full information as the true insight into the Victorian life. Therefore I believe that my own study of the sources and research has helped me understand the features of the cemetery that stand out. How to cite The History of Bradford, Papers

Leadership and Skills Planning and Control Management

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Skills for Planning and Control Management. Answer: Introduction: A project management is a systematic and methodical approach to planning and controlling different project processes in an organization from its conception to its completion. As stated by Angelo et al. (2017), in project management, the project managers along with the team members of the project apply their knowledge, talents, skills, techniques and tools for meeting the project requirements. It involves planning, scheduling and directing the diverse resources of an organization towards completion of a specific task. The human and financial capitals are utilized systematically, which helps in defining the different goals and purposes of a project. These resources are utilized in the most beneficial way that helps in controlling quality and also ensures completion of the project in time and thereby maintain the quality standard. According to Archibald and Archibald (2016), the project management establishes diverse principles, policies and procedures that help in managing the project using different conceptions. While managing the projects, the managers employ several approaches and methods, which help in running the project and selecting the best approaches for its completion. Consequently, the project management implies integration of the time, cost, quality, human resources and communications in scheduling the project for its successful completion. Artto et al. (2016) opined that while the project managers need to have high levels of corporate visuals, which help in delivering certain tangible results within estimated time and budget. The project management is conducted methodically where the project goals are defined, and the steps are outlined for achieving the goals, identification of the resources and determining the time and budget for accomplishing the tasks. In this assignment, the different life cycles of project management will be discussed that comprises of initiation, planning, implementation and execution, project closedown and evaluation and lastly management of multiple projects in an organization. The assignment also discusses the importance and theory of project management in an organization. Life Cycle of Project Management The life cycle contains initiation, planning, implementation, execution and closure of the project. The projects contain temporary structure that varies according to their size as well as complexities. It is important to manage the projects so that each one of them gets completed within specified time and with provided resources (Biesenthal et al. 2015). The 1st phase of the project management life cycle is the Initiation stage, where the purpose of developing the project is discussed. As stated by Borsato (2014), in this stage, the project manager documents the objectives, aims, scope, purpose and the deliverables those will be produced in the project. The project manager conducts interview sessions with the patrons and understands their strategic vision and objectives. The aim and objectives of the projects are evaluated in this stage and verification with the customers is done. The documentation of the customers requirements and demands along with the organizations resources are done. Braglia and Frosolini (2014) opined that in this initiation stage, the details of the project are initiated that includes the technological usage, legal actions, resources and involvement of the stakeholders those are to be used. The potential risks and hindrances are also given concern at this stage, for taking appropriate remedial steps to avoid an d mitigate them. Moreover, the budget of the project is also estimated and aligned with the strategic goals of the organization. Burke and Barron (2014) mentioned that the project manager defines the roles and responsibilities of each of the team members as it helps in building a cohesive team. The leadership qualities of the project managers are also highlighted through the usage of their skills and talents in managing the team and assigning the responsible to the assigned members. An example can be taken from Tesco, where Self-Service-Checkout project has been taken to prevent the customers from standing in long queues. In the initiation stage of this project, Tesco understood the importance of having it in the organization (Ciliberti et al. 2016). The project manager claims it to be a simple and helpful method to the customers. The project manager had to distribute the responsibilities to the IT department for designing the product. Moreover, documentation of all the requirements, risks and hindrances that are likely to be faced at this stage had to be done. Project Planning Stage The 2nd phase of the life-cycle is the project planning stage, which implies planning and scheduling of the project accurately. As mentioned by Heagney (2016), in this stage, the infrastructure is established, which helps in effectively managing the success of the project. The assigned responsibilities are documented officially, and the communication and expectations are well presented in the project team. Along with this, the tracking system is established that helps in decomposing the high-level working structure into small divisions for the easy accomplishment of it. Heizer and Barry (2013) stated that in this stage, the project manager obtains staff members, assigns responsibilities and roles develop organizational charts and makes risk assessments. The project planning done by the project managers is dynamic in nature, which helps in identifying the deliverables and the activities for completing it. Moreover, the project manager also sequences the activities logically as per the requirement of the resources, time, cost and priorities. According to Joslin and Mller (2015), the project manager lists the information that is required for the successful completion of the project. This project planning helps in guiding to the execution of the project in a systematic and methodical way. The planning is done in done in such a way that the objectives of the project are achieved along with keeps track of the ongoing proceedings. An example can be cited from Tesco when the organizations project manager of Self-Service-Checkout project has documented all the resources that the project requires along with their availability. An accurate structure of the project is formulated, which helped the project manager in distributing the tasks and responsibilities among the team members and the time for accomplishing each of the tasks (Kerzner, 2013). The risks and the ways of mitigating the risks have also been documented in the phase along with sequencing the activities as per their requirement and needs. Implementation and Execution Stage The 3rd phase of the project life cycle is the Implementation and execution stage," where the documented and planned activities are put into action by the project manager and team members. Laporte and OConnor (2014) commented that in this phase, the project manager manages the entire team and also makes the best utilization of the available resources. The different visions and plans come into reality, and the project manager continues coordinating and directing the project resources in meeting the purposes of the project plan. It is the job of the project manager to direct as well as manage the individual activities of each of the team members. The team members under the guidance of the project manager produce the deliverables those are best suited for the project and as documented in the planning stage. As stated by Laporte et al. (2016), the project manager is also responsible for monitoring the activities of each of the team members working on the project. Any changes and modifica tions those came into the way of the project manager are considered, reviewed and implemented into the project. These changes and modifications are also documented in the project. Moreover, the project managers act as the leaders while managing the team through their regular monitoring and inspection for ensuring final deliverables of the customers. The dummy execution takes the place of the project before the evaluation phase takes over it (Love et al. 2014). In Tesco, the project manager manages the entire teams and their activities in the implementation and execution stage. In this stage, the project manager of Tesco focuses on the equipment, materials and resources those are necessary for constructing each of the deliverables of the project (Mahmood 2017). The activities of each of the project are documented, and the tracking of the team members' activities are also maintained. The documentation of the self-service-checkout software is done that helps in maintaining the tracks of the team performance. Project Closedown and Evaluation Stage The project closedown and evaluation phase is the last stage of a project lifecycle. As mentioned by Martinelli and Milosevic (2016), this evaluation of the project is carried out by an independent and unbiased person for reviewing the performance of the project. That individual is responsible for determining the deliverable of the project within specified time, given budget and allocated budget. In project closedown stage, the project manager is responsible for conducting the meetings, documenting the lessons learned, releasing the resources of the project and updating of the organizational processes. While closing the project, the project manager is responsible for scheduling the reviews and highlights of the project meetings through Gantt chart. According to Mir and Pinnington (2014), during the project closedown, the key stakeholders are invited to the meeting to discuss the project happenings while conducting it. The overall project objectives are reviewed along with the budget, the requirements of the project and the end deadlines are discussed in the meetings. Moreover, the evaluations of the risks are also discussed in the meetings that helped in gaining experiences, which can be later used in the future projects. In this stage, the overall project is handled by the customers, and the project manager waits for its feedback and reviews. Based on the reviews, changes and modifications are done (Oliveira et al. 2016). In Tesco, when the project of self-checkout was completed, it was handled over to the higher authorities. The higher authorities did a complete review to use and utilized the software in the real working environment to see the reviews and feedback of the customers. On seeing a positive response from the customers, this project of Tesco was claimed to be a success (Pinto and Winch, 2016). The overall usage of the technologies, resources and budget were documented by the project manager. The risks those were likely to be faced by the organization were also documented along with the solutions. Managing Multiple Projects Stage While managing multiple projects, the project manager has to take care of reaching the individual goals of each of the projects in scheduled time. As opined by Qin and Chen (2016), in completing the multiple projects, efficient and effective collaboration is necessary. The project manager needs to understand the potentiality and skills of the team members in handling multiple projects. An initial meeting is conducted by the project managers, which helps in discussing the different action courses for achieving the individual and team goals. The feedback and reviews of each of the team members are necessary to take, which helps in accomplishing the multiple projects that will be taken by the project manager with the team. Schwalbe (2015) commented that the project manager is also responsible for formulating the clear and precise plan for each of the projects those will be undertaken. The project manager devises actions plans for each of the team members. As per the task analysis, the t eam members are asked to split the tasks into different stages. The completion of each of the stages helps in completion of the individual works within specified time and budget. According to Shao et al. (2016), while managing the multiple projects, the project manager is also responsible for managing the resources, strict the deadlines and managing the document. The plans of the individual projects are jotted down individually without mixing the projects with one another and ending up in making a mess out of all the projects. The essentialities and necessities of each of the projects are chalked out accordingly that helps in allocating the resources conveniently. As mentioned by Svejvig and Andersen (2015), the project manager is responsible for tracking the on-going of each of the project along with usage of the tools that helps in executing the assigned tasks. The abilities of the team members are also documented along with their expertise and skills in the completion of the individual tasks within specified time. The handling of multiple projects may seem to be difficult initially, but proper breakdown and structuring of the activities help in the systema tic completion of the multiple projects. Theory of Project Management The project management theory is based on PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge). The purpose of this theory is in providing the adequate amount of work that is to be done, the unnecessary work that is not to be done and the work that delivers the purpose of the stated business. As mentioned by Artto et al. (2016), the project management is about managing tasks and works and decomposing the total work done in small chunks of the work. The PMBOK divides the entire processes of the project management into initiating, planning, execution, controlling as well as closing processes. These phases of the project develop a closed loop, where the planning processes are provided with an effective plan, which is realized by the executing processes. The planning helps in facilitating the entire processes of the organization. The scope planning and the output of the processes help in making up an input for the process of execution. Laporte et al. (2016) commented that the planning process do minates the scene that helps in executing the process as well as controlling the processes. The organization helps in consisting of the management part as well as effector part. The centralized creation, revision and implementation of the plans help in managing a strong connection with the management actions with that of the outcomes. According to Braglia and Frosolini (2014), the goals of the project management is flowing of the project towards the goals and objectives. The basic viewpoint is in eliminating the waste from the flow processes and the principles as the reduction of the lead time as well as reduction of the variability. The managerial prescription is different in reducing uncertainty and generation of values that helps in refining the framework of the quality movement. The value generation provides a good explanation of the third goal of the project management, which helps in delivering the business process (Laporte and OConnor, 2014). Importance of Project Management The project management is important for all the organizations as it helps in managing the different projects in the organization and their respective deliverables within specified time. As stated by Todorovi? et al. (2015), through project management, the resources are best utilized within the organization, which helps in carrying out the projects in a systematic and methodical way. The project management helps in identifying the requirements, objectives and aims of the customers that they claim from an organization. It helps in establishing clear, precise and achievable objectives, which are to be obtained by the project manager and the team members. The project management also helps in having a scientific and structured approach in the completion of the project. The objectives are successfully executed so that those are accomplished with the completion of the project. According to Too and Weaver (2014), the project management helps in organizing and planning the projects for taming the chaos that occurs when the projects are undertaken. It helps in controlling all the activities of the project. It is to be remembered that every project undertaken by the organizations have plenty of risks. The risks, being the fundamental part of the organization are to be controlled and managed for preventing its malicious nature that may negatively impact the organization. The project management identifies these potential risks and finds best probable solutions to the risks (Turner, 2014). Wang et al. (2017) opined that the project management plays an important role in managing the quality and quantity of the deliverables of a project. The project manager takes care of not producing any non-valuable and unimportant deliverables that add no value to the projects. Through project management, the integration of the projects is also done by the project manager. The projects are well integrated and assimilated with the ongoing business systems, processes and environment of the organization. Ciliberti et al. (2016) had commented that projects are subjected to the dynamic environment of the organization, which is not constant and are vulnerable to change. The issues that may appear in the project are identified and cleared through project management. The project management also ensures in capturing the project knowledge and managing it for the future use and references. As stated by Turner (2016), there are situations when the projects fail. But, with the help of project mana gement, the learning from the failures helps in improving the knowledge of the project manager and the team-mates. It helps in improvement of the quality of the future projects. As a result, the mistakes are never repeated within the organization, which leads to the success of the organization. Conclusion The overall project discusses the project management of the organizations. Through effective implementation of the project management, the various tasks and activities involved in the project are completed within specified time. The project management also helps in completion of the project work in specified time and with the help of the assigned resources. In this assignment, the different stages of the project management life cycle are described. It shows that every phase of it have certain unique features and actions, which are integrated and combined with the successful completion of the project. Moreover, the importance of the project management is also discussed in this context. Through project management, the team members along the project manager learn to identify and analyze the risks. It also helps in finding appropriate solutions to the risks, which could have hampered the completion of the project. Moreover, several knowledge and skills are also learned through project ma nagement process. The researcher has also discussed the theories related to project management like PMBOK that helps in understanding the amount of work that is to be done in the completion of a project and the unnecessary tasks those are not required for completion. It also helps in understanding the core processes those are necessary for the project to get accomplished. References Angelo, A.C.M., Saraiva, A.B., Clmaco, J.C.N., Infante, C.E. and Valle, R., 2017. Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis: Selection of a strategy for domestic food waste management in Rio de Janeiro.Journal of Cleaner Production,143, pp.744-756. Archibald, R.D. and Archibald, S., 2016.Leading and Managing Innovation: What Every Executive Team Must Know about Project, Program, and Portfolio Management. CRC Press. Artto, K., Ahola, T. and Vartiainen, V., 2016. From the front end of projects to the back end of operations: Managing projects for value creation throughout the system lifecycle.International Journal of Project Management,34(2), pp.258-270. Baldassarri, C., Mathieux, F., Ardente, F., Wehmann, C. and Deese, K., 2016. Integration of environmental aspects into RD inter-organizational projects management: application of a life cycle-based method to the development of innovative windows.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.3388-3401. Biesenthal, C., Sankaran, S., Pitsis, T. and Clegg, S., 2015. Temporality in Organization Studies: Implications for Strategic Project Management.Open Economics and Management Journal,2(1). Borsato, M., 2014. Bridging the gap between product lifecycle management and sustainability in manufacturing through ontology building.Computers in Industry,65(2), pp.258-269. Braglia, M. and Frosolini, M., 2014. An integrated approach to implement project management information systems within the extended enterprise.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.18-29. Burke, R. and Barron, S., 2014.Project management leadership: building creative teams. John Wiley Sons. Ciliberti, C., Jordaan, S.M., Smith, S.V. and Spatari, S., 2016. A life cycle perspective on land use and project economics of electricity from wind and anaerobic digestion.Energy Policy,89, pp.52-63. Heagney, J., 2016.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Heizer, R. and Barry, R., 2013.Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Joslin, R. and Mller, R., 2015. Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1377-1392. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Laporte, C.Y. and OConnor, R.V., 2014, June. A systems process lifecycle standard for very small entities: Development and pilot trials. InEuropean Conference on Software Process Improvement(pp. 13-24). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Laporte, C.Y., Tremblay, N., Menaceur, J. and Poliquin, D., 2016, September. Implementing the new ISO/IEC 29110 systems engineering process standard in a small public transportation company. InEuropean Conference on Software Process Improvement(pp. 15-29). Springer International Publishing. Love, P.E., Matthews, J., Simpson, I., Hill, A. and Olatunji, O.A., 2014. A benefits realization management building information modeling framework for asset owners.Automation in construction,37, pp.1-10. Mahmood, Z. ed., 2017.Software Project Management for Distributed Computing: Life-Cycle Methods for Developing Scalable and Reliable Tools. Springer. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Oliveira, P.S.G.D., Silva, D.D., Silva, L.F.D., Lopes, M.D.S. and Helleno, A., 2016. Factors that influence product life cycle management to develop greener products in the mechanical industry.International Journal of Production Research,54(15), pp.4547-4567. Pinto, J.K. and Winch, G., 2016. The unsettling of settled science: The past and future of the management of projects.International Journal of Project Management,34(2), pp.237-245. Qin, F. and Chen, P., 2016. Knowledge Management of Project Team Based on Life Cycle Theory. InProceedings of the 6th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation(pp. 645-652). Atlantis Press. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shao, Z., Feng, Y. and Hu, Q., 2016. Effectiveness of top management support in enterprise systems success: a contingency perspective of fit between leadership style and system life-cycle.European Journal of Information Systems,25(2), pp.131-153. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Todorovi?, M.L., Petrovi?, D.?., Mihi?, M.M., Obradovi?, V.L. and Bushuyev, S.D., 2015. Project success analysis framework: A knowledge-based approach in project management.International Journal of Project Management,33(4), pp.772-783. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Wang, Z., Zhao, Y. and Ning, X., 2017. Integrated Information Management System of Building Materials Based on BIM Technology in Life Cycle Carbon Emissions. InProceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate(pp. 345-353). Springer Singapore.

Enzyme Lab Report Sample

Enzyme Lab Report Paper The corresponding test are as followed; Sudan IV is used for testing for lipids, if in fact lipid is present, the reaction would produce a red/orange color as opposed to no change at all (negative reaction: Stays pink color). This solution of Sudan IV is soluble in lipids, but not in water. Benedicts solution is the test used for reducing sugars or glucose testing. The positive reaction for this test should show a red/brick color after being placed in boiling water for three minutes, but if a negative reaction occurs we will get blue color or no change at all. Another test that we were introduced to was the iodine test, which is used to detect starch. A costive reaction would result in a blue/black color, where as a negative reaction would be an amber color. Then in order to find the remaining agents (peptide bonds) we used Beiruts solution, a violet color is produced when there is a positive reaction. Where as a light blue color is produced in the negative reaction. The overall goal of this experiment is to find three of the four macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) that you can find in everyday living organism. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These macromolecules are the chain like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid. These macromolecules are made of smaller units that are called monomers hat make up polymers of covalently boding the identical and/ or similar monomer building blocks. These monomers are repeating units serving as building blocks for the polymers. The macromolecules need these smaller units to help complete their own tasks. These monomers form the common polymers carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates and lipids provide energy and storage, where proteins act as transportation and the storage cells. The negative and positive controls of the experiment would be that, if the solution changes color the hypothesis above would be correct, while if it has no change then the lull hypothesis would be true. The overall goal of this experiment was to discover the unknown molecule, with chemical testing. If the colors changes during the reaction then we would have a positive test in regards to the macromolecule that we are testing for. Methods: For the benedicts reducing sugars test, we obtained two groups of eight test tubes and numbered each set one threw eight. For group one the Benedicts reducing sugars, we placed ten drops of onion juice test tube one along with ml of the Benedicts solution, test tube two is then filled with ten drops of potato juice and ml of benedicts solution, test tube three is filled with ten drops of sucrose solution followed by the additional ml of the benedicts solution, Test tube four is filled with ten drops of the glucose solution followed by an added ml of Benedicts solution, Test tube five is then filled with ten drops of distilled water with the benedicts solution (ml), test tube six is then filled with the reducing sugars solution ten drops as well along with the benedicts solution, tube seven will be for the ten drops of starch solution followed by the ml of benedicts solution, then for test tube eight this will be your unknown, there will e ml of the unknown and ml of the benedicts solution mixed in tube eight. Then proceeded to place the eight test tubes into boiling water where they sat for 3 minuets, w hile we looked to see if there had been any color change. For the Iodine test for Starch, the same steps are taken to perform this test. You obtained eight test tubes, proceeded to number them numerically one threw eight. Once numbered, each individual test tube was filled with ten drops of one of the solutions as done in the benedicts test for reducing sugars test. So you will place ten drops of each individual solution into its own tube. Solutions used as followed, test tube one ten drops of onion juice, test tube two ten drops of potato juice, test tube three ten drops of sucrose solution, test tube four ten drops of the glucose solution, test tube five will have ten drops of distilled water, test tube six will contain the reducing sugars solution, test tube seven is then filled with ten drops of starch, and test tube eight is also filled with the ml of the unknown solution. Then after we had filled the test tubes we added seven to ten drops of iodine then observed if there had been any color changes with the lotions. The Beiruts test for proteins we obtained six test tubes which then were labeled one threw six. Each individual test tube was given its own solution to be placed within in, test tube one contained ml of egg albumen, test tube two has ml of honey, test tube three has ml of amino acid solution, test tube four has ml of distilled water, test tube five contains ml of protein solution, and for test tube six it contained ml of the unknown corresponding to group C. Each test tube then has 2. 5% sodium hydroxide (ml) to each tube, then we observed any color changes. The next test is the Lipid solubility in polar and monopole solvents test, for this experiment we obtained two test tubes. One of the test tubes we added ml of water and to the other we added ml of acetone, followed by the addition to both test tubes of a few drops of vegetable oil. Then observed the reaction and recorded the differences between the two. Following alone with the above stated test, the Sudan IV test for lipids was performed. We obtained six test tubes and labeled them one threw six, the sixth test tube being the unknown again. Test tube one contains 1 ml of salad oil + eater, test tube two contains 1 ml of salad oil + Sudan IV solution, test tube three contains ml of honey + Sudan IV, test tube four will contain ml of distilled water + Sudan IV, test tube five will contain the unknown lipid + Sudan IV, then test tube six will contain the unknown agent that has been used in the previous tests performed. A simpler test we performed was the grease spot test for lipids, we obtained a piece of unglazed paper and proceeded to use an eyedropper and dropped a few drops of salad oil onto the paper. Then let the fluids evaporate, then if there were NY grease spots then we know that there is a lipid present. Results: The results for the benedicts test are as followed. For test tube one there was a positive reaction, the color had changed to brown-orange. Test tube two had a negative reaction with the color remaining the same (blue), Test tube three,five, and seven all had a negative reaction as well, color still the same being an aqua blue . Test tube four, six, and eight had positive reactions. Leading us to find that the unknown control for group C is a sugar solution. The Bursts solution testing showed that test tube one changed to colors to light purple, test be two was a negative reaction being of dark yellow color, test tube three was also a negative reaction of light blue, test tubes four and six were negative as well. Although test tube five the protein solution tested positive with a color change of purple. The Sudan IV test results of the test, were fairly the same as the rest, with only a few color changes. Test tube one had a clear color, where test tubes two and five both had dark pink colors. Tubes three and four were both light pink. The grease spot test for lipids also showed interesting reactions, the test tube with acetone dissolved the salad oil then separated the water from he acetone. (Acetone sank to the bottom). Then with the water drop the oil and water separated from one another, the oil staying on the surface. Discussion: The results of the experiments show what solutions contain which of the macromolecules that we were looking to find. (Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates). Since some of the test results came back as a positive reaction, the hypothesis that if one of the macromolecules is present then there will be a positive test result, is proven true. Based on the data presented form the results of the test, it can be said that one can test for certain macromolecules using the Benedicts elution test, Bursts solution, Sudan V, and the grease spot test to find one of the macromolecules such as a protein, lipid, or carbohydrates. In the benedicts solution test we found that if there was a positive reaction the color change is somewhere along the lines of a brick-red to a maroon brown, where the negative results was blue color. Following that test the results for the bursts test were a purple for the positive reaction for the presence of a protein and a light blue for the negative reaction. Then for the Sudan IV reaction test, the results found that positive reaction would be neon pink color, and the negative reaction was a faded or light pink color. Then for the grease spot stain we found that in the presence of a lipid would be detected if there was a spot left on the unglazed paper after the liquid evaporated. In conclusion it can be said that testing for the presence of macromolecules using the above stated tests is a plausible way to find them, and a proven method based on the results found during the completion of the tests. Enzyme Lab Report Sample Enzyme Lab Report Paper The oxygen can b e observed as bubbles coming from the reaction site. Catalane is found in m any living tissues of organisms, including chicken liver. The purpose of this experiment is to determine what changes in pH, temperature, and enzyme e concentration have on the rate catalane works to break down hydrogen peroxide. If the pH, temperature, or enzyme concentration changes, then the reaction rate of catalane will either speed up or slow down. Materials and Procedures Materials needed include 1 molar HCI solution, 1 molar Noah solution, 6 test tub SE, measuring pipette, ml graduated cylinder, 40 ml 3% hydrogen peroxide solution , straightedge razor blade, scissors, forceps, stirring rod, fresh liver, fresh apple, fresh potato, test tube holders, ice bath, warm water tat, and boiling water bath. Place 2 ml of the 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into a clean test tube. Using force peps and scissors, cut a small piece of liver and add it to the test tube. Push it into the hydrogen p reside with a stirring rod. Observe the bubbles. Assume this reaction is rated 4 on a scale of 05. This reaction is the control group for the experiment. The 05 s call based on bubbles is the measurement technique for each experiment. Pour off the liquid into a second test tube. This used liquid is the independent variable . Add more liver to this liquid. Record the reaction rate. The reaction rate will be the depend NT variable in each experiment. Add another 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide e to the liver remaining in the first test tube. Record the reaction rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Place 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide in each of 3 clean test tubes and then add each of the three test substances (potato, apple, chicken) to the tubes. The t here substances are the independent variables. As you add each test substance, record the reaction rate for each tube. C Put a piece of liver into the bottom of a clean test tube and cover it with a small a mount of water. Place this test tube in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Remove the test tube from the hot water bath, allow it to air cool, then pour out the water. The fact that the liver was boiled is the independent variable. Add 2 ml of hydrogen peer oxide. Use a tested holder for hot test tubes. Record the reaction rate. Put equal quantities of liver into 2 clean test tubes and 1 ml H2O into 2 other test tubes. Put one test tube of liver and one of H2O into an ice bath. Place the other set in a warm water bath (not boiling). The temperature of each set of liver and peroxide e is the independent variables. After 3 minutes, pour each tube of H2O into the responding tube of liver and observe the reaction. Record the reaction rate. Add 2 ml hydrogen peroxide to each of 5 clean test tubes. Add 4 drops of HCI to t he first test tube, 1 drop HCI and 3 ml water to second, 4 drops Noah to third, 1 drop Noah and 3 ml water to fourth, and 3 drops water to fifth. The independent variable is pH of the solution added to each test tube. Add liver to each of the test tubes at the same time. Record the reaction rate of each tube. Results,Data Collection, and Analysis The H2O fully reacted with the catalane in the first experiment because it did no t react anymore hen more catalane (liver) was added. However, the catalane was still pre sent after the reaction because it converted additional H2O at the same reaction rate. The reaction rates of the three tests are in the following table: Substance Rate of Reaction (05) normal hydrogen peroxide and liver 4 reused hydrogen peroxide reused liver The potato, apple, and chicken liver all contained catalane became use they caused a noticeable reaction when hydrogen peroxide e was added. The reaction rates of the three test substances: Potato 5 Apple 3 Chicken liver Boiling the liver caused no reaction when added to hydrogen proper De. The cold liver and peroxide reacted much faster than the war m liver and peroxide. The reaction rates of the three substances: boiled liver and hydrogen peroxide cold liver and hydrogen peroxide warm liver and hydrogen peroxide The reactions in acids were slower than the neutral and weak base reactions, which were slower than the strong base. The e reaction rates of the acidic, neutral, and basic substances: HCI solution 2 diluted HCI solution H2O solution diluted Noah solution Noah solution The following graph contains the reaction rates of all the tests performed in this lab: Conclusion Catalane had various changes in reaction rate when the pH, temperature, or enzyme me concentration were changed, supporting the hypothesis. The enzyme is affected by its sours ending environmental conditions. This lab showed that reusing the substrate did not produce a reaction. Reusing the catalane produced a reaction aqua I to the control. Different tissues showed the presence of catalane in differing quantities. Catalane denaturized when boiled and did not induce faster reacts on rates. Catalane worked more efficiently in cold environments than in warm environments. Catalane worked faster in more basic environments. From the r exults gathered, the conclusion can be drawn that catalane is a reusable enzyme that works better in basic, cold environments and is denaturized when heated to o much. The measuring systems used were not very accurate, especially using p hysterical observations to measure the reaction rates. A person can be inaccurate a ND inconsistent in comparing reaction rates on a small scale like the one used. The amount of catalane available for the reaction v aired with the size of the liver and how much surface area was available, so the a mount of catalane could not be regulated in every experiment. A machine or substance can be used to measure the react ion rate more precisely, possibly by measuring the rate oxygen is release De. The liver can be blended and measured in specific quantities or catalane can be extracted to regulate the amount of catalane being used. Literature Citation Cain, M. L. , Campbell, N. A. , Jackson, R. B. , Minority, P. V. Erect, J. B. , Airy, L. A. , and Wassermann, S. A. , 2010, An Introduction to Metabolic ism, Campbell Biology, San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. Questions Part A What gas is being released? Oxygen is being released. Has it gotten warmer or colder? The test tube has gotten warmer. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? The reaction is exothermic. What is this liquid composed of? The liquid is composed of water. What do you think would happen if you added more liver to this liquid? No reaction would occur. Is catalane reusable? Explain how you know. Catalane is reusable because it isnt used up in the reaction and reacted when used again. Part B Which tissues contained catalane? All three substances potato, apple, and chicken liver contained catalane. Do some contain more catalane than others? How can you tell? Some contained more catalane than others because SE the reaction rate was faster, so more catalane as present. Part C What will boiling do to an enzyme? Boiling an enzymes will denaturized it, or make it unusable by altering its shape. Part D What is the optimal pH for catalane (estimate)? The optimal pH for catalane is approximately y 8 because it worked best in a weak base. Part E Using the techniques you learned in this lab, design a n ewe experiment to test the properties of enzymes and substrates. Add 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide to a clean test tube. Place this test TU be in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Using the test tube holder, r move the test tube from the hot water bath. Add a piece of liver. Record the reaction rate. Data Analysis Describe the relationship between catalane and hydro gene peroxide. Indicate which is the enzyme, which is the substrate and what occurs during the reaction. Catalane (enzyme) speeds up hydrogen peroxide ( substrate) breakdown. The hydrogen peroxide interacts with catalane, causing faster breakdown into water and oxygen. Is catalane reusable? Use data to support your answer. Catalane is reuse able because one liver was used to speed up two different reactions. How does temperature and pH affect the reaction rate of catalane? Cold water and basic solutions increase the rat of the reactions, while warm water and acidic solutions slow the reaction rate.

Coordinate and Noncoordinate Adjectives

Coordinate and Noncoordinate Adjectives Coordinate and Noncoordinate Adjectives Coordinate and Noncoordinate Adjectives By Mark Nichol An adjective is a word that provides detail about, or modifies, a noun. Adjectives are sometimes confused with adverbs, which modify verbs. The -verb in adverb gives you a clue, as does the -ject in adjective just like the -ject in object: The names of objects are always nouns. Two divisions of adjectives are coordinate and noncoordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives are two or more adjectives, separated by commas, that parallel each other in modifying a noun. To test whether adjectives are coordinate, you can replace comma(s) with and. If the sentence makes sense with that change, and if you can rearrange the adjectives in any order without compromising sense, they pass the test. Take the sentence â€Å"See the box.† Insert an adjective: â€Å"See the big box.† Then, insert another: â€Å"See the big, brown box.† Now, replace the comma with and: â€Å"See the big and brown box.† Make sense? Yes. Now, reverse the adjectives: â€Å"See the brown, big box.† Make sense? Yes, it does, though it doesn’t roll off the tongue as trippingly; conventions have been established in English that determine which types of adjectives have priority than others in such constructions, and â€Å"See the brown, big box† violates one of those conventions. However, it’s just mildly awkward sounding, not nonsensical. Now, replace the comma with and: â€Å"See the brown and big box.† Make sense? Yes. Again, it’s not elegant, but it makes sense. But consider this sentence: â€Å"See the big, bread box.† The comma seems wrong. Why? Test it: â€Å"See the big and bread box.† Un-uh. â€Å"See the bread, big box.† Nope. â€Å"See the bread and big box.† Ix-nay. What gives? In this sentence and its attempted variants, big and bread are noncoordinate adjectives. In the original sentence, the idea is that the box is big and the box is brown the adjectives are parallel in purpose. But in â€Å"See the big, bread box,† big modifies â€Å"bread box,† a permanent open compound (a noun consisting of two or more words that have developed a distinct meaning). The sentence does not state that the box is big and the box is bread; it states that the bread box is big. So, just as â€Å"See the big box† needs no comma between the adjective and the noun, â€Å"See the big bread box† requires no comma between the adjective and the permanent open compound (which consists of an adjective and a noun). The adjective big and the adjective bread have different functions; therefore, they are noncoordinate. But note that compounds do not have to be permanent for this rule to apply. Test this more complex sentence: â€Å"The British Council is the United Kingdom’s government-backed, cultural-promotion agency.† Replace and with a comma: â€Å"The British Council is the United Kingdom’s government-backed and cultural-promotion agency.† Reverse the adjectives: â€Å"The British Council is the United Kingdom’s cultural-promotion, government-backed agency.† Reverse the adjectives and replace and with a comma: â€Å"The British Council is the United Kingdom’s cultural-promotion and government-backed agency.† These sentences are beyond awkward. In this case, â€Å"cultural-promotion agency† is a temporary open compound that is described here as being government backed. When adjectives are noncoordinate, no comma is required, so even though this is a complex sentence, omit internal punctuation (or recast and relax it, as with this option: â€Å"The British council, a cultural-promotion agency, is backed by the government of the United Kingdom.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

What is the relationship between the median household income and Article

What is the relationship between the median household income and student scores - Article Example Also, the number of dropouts and ones with college degrees is also less. On the other hand, Hartford which has the lowest median household income ($38,711) has 46 percent of children in poverty the percentage of adults with college degrees is only 7 percent and many lack even a diploma from school. The data also states that the majority of the students from the Gull Lake are placed among the region’s top test scores while the students from Hartford struggle. This data implies that the better the median household income better will the academic performance of the students. Another important indicator of how a better median household income will lead to better scores is the effect of income on the SAT scores. Data from numerous attempts suggest that the students with a better family income get better scores. The reason behind this is that the students with better median household income get better access to various resources like books, tutorials, etc which helps them to get better scores when compared to those with low median household income who have limited access to such resources (Elert,

Political science final exam and 3 quizes Case Study

Political science final exam and 3 quizes - Case Study Example Woodrow Wilson was associated with teaching profession for earlier part of his career, and till the early days of his 30s, he had not achieved anything substantial and for this matter he at one time said that even at age of 31, I have achieved nothing, however he had the insight and vision to become one of the best in the field of public administration and he devoted his efforts and energies towards this field and profession that would become corner stone of public administration principles all over the world. 3.Based on the Woodrow Wilson case on pages 26-27, what similarity exists between former President Woodrow Wilson and current President Barack Obama as it relates to both men’s early writings and their stature in the field of academia? Were their writings prominently received? Both the leaders, the present President Barack Obama and the then president Woodrow Wilson were associated with the academic profession, made their way through continuous struggle and hard work rose up to the rank of being the guiders of the nation in longer run. Both had a similarity amongst them in the context of aiming to bring about change, while Woodrow Wilson resolved to bring about change via public administration and governance model, President Barack Obama followed the same pursuit without clearly naming the domain of public administration. Their affiliation to the field of academia enabled them advocating a point towards improvement in the present setup of governmental activities. Both the leaders found their writing as a foundation towards what would be the stepping stone in longer run. Through their writings, they convinced the people, proved their skills and potential, although at first , both were limited to smaller domain, yet with time both found good ground based on their earlier writings and affiliation to the field of academic science and research. Hence it was

Classical cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classical cultures - Essay Example The essay analyses these texts to find out how the issues of men-women relationship and their roles in society have been discussed by the ancient Greek historians and writers in their works. The Greek play Lysistrata written by Asistophanes is one of the few survived Greek plays. It tells the tale of a woman who decided to carry on extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian war. The play has been written in a comical style and impressively depicts the status of men and women and their relationship in the Greek society. The play focuses upon the war between Athens and Sparta and the quest of a woman to stop the war. The play shows that the men used to enjoy all the powers and authorities in the Greek society but they took the state towards the state of war because most of them lack wisdom, common sense and peaceful nature. The Greek women however have been portrayed with her love for peace and love. The play shows the women generally have a weak place in the Greek society however, their just desires, unity and courage made them stronger and influential in the society. The position of women in Greek society and the perception of men about them and their relationship are clearly depicted in the dialogues spoken by the main character Lysistrata . She arranged a meeting for the women of the community but when they failed to reach within time she was disappointed that the women are burdened by men with lots of responsibilities that that their freedom is badly affected. She said with her neighbour Calonice. My heart's on fire, Calonice—I'm so angry At married women, at us, because, Although men say we're devious characters (Asistophanes , line10-11) The play shows that the men in Greek society commonly view women as a source of sexual relations. They limit them to their domestic lives and home routines and never bothered to give them any active role in the society. But the women still worked to teach lesson of peace to the men. The men were not only attract ed to the wisdom of the women words but they also feel attractive towards their message due to their beautiful body. The play shows the power of sexuality, beauty and strong thoughts that enabled women to play important role in the society during the war time. Another important text that tells about men and women relationship and their role in the Greek society is the ancient Greek tragedy The Bacchae written by Euripides. It is the story of a young Greek god compelling others to accept and worship him as God. The play talks about the dominating role of men in the Greek society. The men are depicted having the power to take command over the women. The King Dionysus gathered cult of female worshipers and drive them to sing and dance in his praise. He also prepared them to fight against the men however when the King Pentheus was returned to his city he strictly dead with the madness of the fighting women and jailed many of the women. The play shows that the women were widely used by m en as a mean of gaining different type of benefits and favours. They are oppressed to act in certain manner and the men having power influence their acts towards certain direction. The play shows weak position of women in the society having lack of authority and decision making power to direct their lives and actions. The play starts with the dialogues of the Dionysus depicting his proud and